HOW TO DETERMINE PH OF A SOLUTION IN A LABORATORY

Titration, also known as titrimetry,[1] is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown concentration of an identified analyte. Since volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is also known as volumetric analysis. A reagent, called the titrant or titrator[2] is prepared as a standard solution. A known concentration and volume of titrant reacts with a solution of analyte or titrand[3] to determine concentration. The volume of titrant reacted is called titration volume

remove the new cartridge and clean contacts of cartridge and iside printer with Qtips / alcohol..you might have communication problem with cartridge due to dirty contacts..sometimes they get dirty fro spilled ink from jets..then retry

Wikipedia says" :
Laboratory ovens are ovens for high-forced volume thermal convection applications. These ovens generally provide uniform temperatures throughout. Process applications for laboratory ovens can be for annealing, die-bond curing, drying, Polyimide baking, sterilizing, and other industrial laboratory functions. Typical sizes are from one cubic foot to 32 cubic feet (0.91 m3) with temperatures that can be over 650 degrees fahrenheit (340 degrees celsius).

The electrode you have is a combination electrode with an integral calomel reference half-cell and built-in temperature probe. Since the temperature reading is good, the temperature probe is okay. It isn't part of the pH circuits anyway. (Your meter uses the temperature to calculate a temperature correction of pH.) Something else is going on with the electrode proper. Its funny behavior suggests to me that it has dried out internally.
pH electrodes don't last forever. How old is this one? If it's an old one, it's probably time to replace it. If it's new and doesn't work, it may be under warranty.
If you shop for a new electrode, get a gel-filled one. And go for one with a silver/silver chloride reference instead of a mercury one -- especially if you are using it on food or other samples that may be consumed. Another consideration about calomel electrodes: they take hours to recover from relatively small temperature changes. Ag/AgCl references aren't as sluggish.
Finally, take care when storing the electrode. It should be stored under humid conditions to keep it from drying out. The best way is to put a small piece of cotton or glass wool soaked with distilled or deionized water inside the plastic end cap. For shorter-term storage, e.g., overnight, you could immerse the tip in pH 7 buffer.

[H+]=10^(-8.19). The - sign is the change sign key. The result is 1.2589x10^(-9)

You can use the pH calculator at
http://www.sensorex.com/support/more/ph_calculator
The pH of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid is 0.3.

No not at all. Just make sure saline (salt) levels are within recommended range for salt system. Your PH and ALK however are the real culprits. When PH is low metal disolves into water, when PH is high metals come out of solution and cause staining.

Hello,

As you well know the pH is the negative of the log in base 10 of the H+/H3O+ ion concentration. If we use [H+] to represent that concentration, then pH=-log[H+].
To obtain the [H+] you need to calculate the antilog. You write the definition in the form log[H+] =-pH and then calculate 10 to the power of each member. The equality remains valid as both members are treated similarly. Thus
10^( log[H+] ) = 10^(-pH)
Since raising 10 to a power is the inverse function of taking the log in base 10, 10^(log(x))=log(10^(x)) = x (they are inverse of one another), you are left with

[H+]=10^(-pH)

Your calculator has a function [10 to x] accessed by pressing the [2nd] function key. To use it you must enter the negative value of the pH, press the [2nd] function key then the [10 to x], then the = key to get the result (concentration)
Exemple: let the pH=5.5, what is the H+ concentration?
With [(-)] being the change sign key, then
[H+]:[ (-) ] 5.5 [2nd][10 to x] [=]
The result is 0.000003162 or 3.16 x 10^(-6)

Hope it helps.

At my university, they offer a graduate program in robotic engineering. Here are the course requirements:

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RBE 1001. Introduction to Robotics (Formerly ES 2201).
Cat. I
Multidisciplinary introduction to robotics, involving concepts from the fields of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and computer science. Topics
covered include sensor performance and integration, electric and pneumatic actuators, power transmission, materials and static force analysis, controls and programmable embedded computer systems, system integration and robotic applications. Laboratory sessions consist of hands-on exercises and team projects where students design and build mobile robots. Undergraduate credit may not be earned for both this course and for ES 2201.
Recommended background: mechanics (PH 1110/PH 1111).
Suggested background: electricity and magnetism (PH 1120/PH 1121), may be taken concurrently.


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RBE 2001. Unified Robotics I.
Cat. I
First of a four-course sequence introducing foundational theory and practice of robotics engineering from the fields of computer science, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. The focus of this course is the effective conversion of electrical power to mechanical power, and power transmission for purposes of locomotion, and of payload manipulation and delivery. Concepts of energy, power and kinematics will be applied. Concepts from statics such as force, moments and friction will be applied to determine power system requirements and structural requirements. Simple dynamics relating to inertia and the equations of motion of rigid bodies will be considered. Power control and modulation methods will be introduced through software control of existing embedded processors and power electronics. The necessary programming concepts and interaction with simulators and Integrated Development Environments will be introduced. Laboratory sessions consist of hands-on exercises and team projects where students design and build robots and related sub-systems.
Recommended background: ES 2201/RBE 1001, ES 2501 (can be taken concurrently), ECE 2022.


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RBE 2002. Unified Robotics II.
Cat. I
Second of a four-course sequence introducing foundational theory and practice of robotics engineering from the fields of computer science, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. The focus of this course is interaction with the environment through sensors, feedback and decision processes. Concepts of stress and strain as related to sensing of force, and principles of operation and interface methods for electronic transducers of strain, light, proximity and angle will be presented. Basic feedback mechanisms for mechanical systems will be implemented via electronic circuits and software mechanisms. The necessary software concepts will be introduced for modular design and implementation of decision algorithms and finite state machines. Laboratory sessions consist of hands-on exercises and team projects where students design and build robots and related sub-systems.
Recommended background: RBE 2001, CS 1101 or CS 1102


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RBE 3001. Unified Robotics III.

Cat. I
Third of a four-course sequence introducing foundational theory and practice of robotics engineering from the fields of computer science, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. The focus of this course is actuator design, embedded computing and complex response processes. Concepts of dynamic response as relates to vibration and motion planning will be presented. The principles of operation and interface methods various actuators will be discussed, including pneumatic, magnetic, piezoelectric, linear, stepper, etc. Complex feedback mechanisms will be implemented using software executing in an embedded system. The necessary concepts for real-time processor programming, re-entrant code and interrupt signaling will be introduced. Laboratory sessions will culminate in the construction of a multi-module robotic system that exemplifies methods introduced during this course.
Recommended background: RBE 2002, ECE 2801, CS 2223, MA 2051
This course will be offered starting in 2008-09.

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RBE 3002. Unified Robotics IV.
Cat. I

Fourth of a four-course sequence introducing foundational theory and practice of robotics engineering from the fields of computer science, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. The focus of this course is navigation, position estimation and communications. Concepts of dead reckoning, landmark updates, inertial sensors, vision and radio location will be explored. Control systems as applied to navigation will be presented. Communication, remote control and remote sensing for mobile robots and tele-robotic systems will be introduced. Wireless communications including wireless networks and typical local and wide area networking protocols will be discussed. Considerations will be discussed regarding operation in difficult environments such as underwater, aerospace, hazardous, etc. Laboratory sessions will be directed towards the solution of an open-ended problem over the course of the entire term.
Recommended background: RBE 3001.
Suggested background: ES 3011
This course will be offered starting in 2008-09.

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RBE/ME 4322. Modeling and Analysis of Mechatronic Systems.
Cat. I
This course introduces students to the modeling and analysis of mechatronic systems. Creation of dynamic models and analysis of model response using the bond graph modeling language are emphasized. Lecture topics include energy storage and dissipation elements, transducers, transformers, formulation of equations for dynamic systems, time response of linear systems, and system control through open and closed feedback loops. Computers are used extensively for system modeling, analysis, and control. Hands-on projects will include the reverse engineering and modeling of various physical systems. Physical models may sometimes also be built and tested.
Recommended background: mathematics (MA 2051, MA 2071), fluids (ES 3004), thermodynamics (ES 3001), mechanics (ES 2501, ES 2503)


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RBE/ME 4815. Industrial Robotics.

Cat. I
This course introduces students to robotics within manufacturing systems. Topics include: classification of robots, robot kinematics, motion generation and transmission, end effectors, motion accuracy, sensors, robot control and automation. This course is a combination of lecture, laboratory and project work, and utilizes industrial robots. Through the laboratory work, students will become familiar with robotic programming (using a robotic programming language VAL II) and the robotic teaching mode. The experimental component of the laboratory exercise measures the motion and positioning capabilities of robots as a function of several robotic variables and levels, and it includes the use of experimental design techniques and analysis of variance.
Recommended background: manufacturing (ME 1800), kinematics (ME 3310), control (ES 3011), and computer programming.

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