Here are some troubleshooting ideas--let me know if you have more questions.
In most modern cars, the fuel pump is inside the gas tank and is also usually sold with the fuel gage sending unit--an expensive and laborious R&R job. If the pump is working, you should hear it at least momentarily when the key is turned to the "on" position. If the pump is not working, the cause could be a fuse, a relay, an accident "kill" switch that needs resetting, or the pump itself. You'll want to rule out all of the inexpensive possibilities first. Use your owners manual (you can often find these online if you don't have the original) to locate the applicable fuse, relay, and/or cutoff switch. To check the relay and ignition switch, follow precedures at
http://www.fixya.com/cars/r6022358-relay_check. You can also check for voltage at the pump connector with a test light.
Assuming your pump works, fuel still needs to get to the engine. A clogged filter will certainly limit fuel flow, but will rarely prevent a car from starting. That said, filter replacement is an inexpensive bit of maintenance. Most likely cause of fuel not getting to the engine when the pump is working is the fuel injection system (not an issue for carbureted engines). Injection systems are beyond the scope of this tip, but there are a couple things you can check. Many anti-theft systems cut off the injectors when activated. If you have such a system, make sure your anti-theft system has not been activated. Also, the injectors require a certain level of fuel pressure. Though your pump may be working, it may not be producing pressure. If possible, have your fuel pressure checked or borrow the appropriate tool to test the pressure. Always check pressure at the fuel rail, as some designs include a separate regulator that is typically in the line in the engine compartment.
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